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Kingdom of Funan () ((クメール語:អាណាចក្រហ្វូណន)) was the name given by the Chinese to an ancient kingdom located in southern Southeast Asia centred on the Mekong Delta that existed from the first to sixth century CE. The name is found in Chinese historical texts describing the kingdom, and the most extensive descriptions are largely based on the report of two Chinese diplomats, Kang Tai and Zhu Ying, representing the Wu Kingdom of Nanking who sojourned in Funan in the mid-3rd century AD.〔Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 9781842125847〕 Funan is known in the modern languages of the region as ''Vnom'' (Khmer) or ''Nokor Phnom'' (Khmer), (Thai), and (Vietnamese), however, the name ''Funan'' is not found in any texts of local origin from the period, and it is not known what name the people of Funan gave to their polity. Some scholars argued that ancient Chinese scholars transcribed the word ''Funan'' from a word related to the Khmer word bnaṃ or vnaṃ (modern: phnoṃ, meaning "mountain"), others however thought that ''Funan'' may not be a transcription at all, rather it meant what it says in Chinese, meaning something like "Pacified South". Like the very name of the kingdom, the ethno-linguistic nature of the people is the subject of much discussion among specialists. The leading hypotheses are that the Funanese were mostly Mon–Khmer, or that they were mostly Austronesian, or that they constituted a multi-ethnic society. The available evidence is inconclusive on this issue. Michael Vickery has said that, even though identification of the language of Funan is not possible, the evidence strongly suggests that the population was Khmer.〔Michael Vickery, "Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients," ''Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient'' XC-XCI (2003–2004), pp. 101–143〕 The results of archaeology at Oc Eo have demonstrated "no true discontinuity between Oc Eo and pre-Angkorian levels", indicating Khmer linguistic dominance in the area under Funan control.〔Pierre-Yves Manguin, “From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia”, in ''25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient,'' Jakarta, Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO, 2002, p. 59-82.〕 Based on the testimony of the Chinese historians, the polity Funan is believed to have been established in the 1st century CE in the Mekong Delta, but archaeological research has shown that extensive human settlement in the region may have gone back as far as the 4th century BCE. Though regarded by Chinese authors as a single unified polity, some modern scholars suspect that Funan may have been a collection of city-states that sometimes at war with one another and at other times constituted a political unity.〔Hà Văn Tấn, "Oc Eo: Endogenous and Exogenous Elements", ''Viet Nam Social Sciences,'' 1–2 (7–8), 1986, pp.91–101.〕 From archaeological evidence, which includes Roman, Chinese, and Indian goods excavated at the ancient mercantile centre of Óc Eo (from the Khmer ''Ou Kaeo'', meaning "glass canal") in southern Vietnam, we know that Funan must have been a powerful trading state.〔Lương Ninh, “Funan Kingdom: A Historical Turning Point”, ''Vietnam Archaeology'', 147 3/2007: 74–89.〕 Excavations at Angkor Borei in southern Cambodia have likewise delivered evidence of an important settlement. Since Óc Eo was linked to a port on the coast and to Angkor Borei by a system of canals, it is possible that all of these locations together constituted the heartland of Funan. ==Etymology== Some scholars have advanced speculative proposals regarding the origin and meaning of the word ''Funan''. It is often said that the name ''Funan'' represents a transcription from some local language into Chinese. For example, French scholar Georges Coedès advanced the theory that in using the word ''Funan'' ancient Chinese scholars were transcribing a word related to the Khmer word ''bnaṃ'' or ''vnaṃ'' (modern: ''phnoṃ'', meaning "mountain").〔Georges Cœdès, "La Stele de Ta-Prohm", ''Bulletin de l'Ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient (BEFEO)'', Hanoi, VI, 1906, pp.44-81; George Cœdès, ''Histoire ancienne des États hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient'', Hanoi, 1944, pp.44-45; Georges Cœdès, ''Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie'', Paris, E. de Boccard, 1948, p.128.〕 However, the epigraphist Claude Jacques pointed out that this explanation was based on a mis-translation of the Sanskrit word ''parvatabùpála'' in the ancient inscriptions as equivalent to the Khmer word ''bnaṃ'' and a mis-identification of the King Bhavavarman I mentioned in them as the conqueror of Funan.〔Claude Jacques, “'Funan', 'Zhenla'. The reality concealed by these Chinese views of Indochina”, in R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.), ''Early South East Asia: Essays in Archaeology, History, and Historical Geography'', New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp.371–9, pp.373, 375; Ha Van Tan, "Óc Eo: Endogenous and Exogenous Elements", ''Viet Nam Social Sciences'', 1-2 (7-8), 1986, pp. 91-101, pp.91-92.〕 It has also been observed that in Chinese the character 南 (, (ベトナム語:nam)) is frequently used in geographical terms to mean "South"; Chinese scholars used it in this sense in naming other locations or regions of Southeast Asia, such as Annam. Thus, ''Funan'' may be an originally Chinese word meaning something like "Pacified South", and may not be a transcription at all. Jacques proposed that use of the name Funan should be abandoned in favour of the names, such as ''Bhavapura'', ''Aninditapura'', ''Shresthapura'' and ''Vyadhapura'', which are known from inscriptions to have been used at the time for cities in the region and give a more accurate idea of the geography of the ancient Khmer regions than the names ''Funan'' or ''Zhenla'' which are unknown in the Old Khmer language.〔Claude Jacques, “‘Funan’, ‘Zhenla’: The Reality Concealed by these Chinese Views of Indochina”, in R. B. Smith and W. Watson (eds.), ''Early South East Asia : Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography'', New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp.371-9, p.378.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kingdom of Funan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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